如對公車私用的會只允許扣除部分費用或公務宴請本企業參加者需承擔部分費用等辦法限制個人消費在企業所得稅稅前扣除。是否對個人消費加收個人所得稅?
|2015/05/12 16:38
寫個英國回答。 沒有做過英國稅法實務,所以我就根據倫敦政經和劍橋所學英國稅法和比較公司稅法,以及法條,來回答下。(歡迎英國做稅法實務的專業人士進行實務的更正與補充)
1.國外的企業所得稅對個人消費在扣除上有沒有什么限制條款?
公車私用至少分兩種情形。
一種公車私用,小企業(尤其一人獨資企業),以及個體工商戶等等,他買了個豪車、乘用車,掛在企業帳下,抵扣購車費用以及汽車使用費用,性質上是公司(一人股東、實際控制人、股東)將自己的車作公司抵扣。主要適用 Expenditures on vehicles。
根
據UK INCOME TAX (TRADING AND OTHER INCOME) ACT 2005 (ITTOIA
2005),94D-94G,你選擇獲得汽車時的資本抵扣,之后就不能再選擇汽車使用支出的抵扣;根據94H-94I,汽車使用支出的抵扣,UK對把家作
為運營目的使用,有限制。(意即你從家開出去或者回到家的汽油費或其他汽車運營支出抵扣有限額)
一個月內table:
Number of hours worked (wholly and exclusively) applicable amount
25 or more 10 pounds
51 or more 18 pounds
101 or more 26 pounds
premises used both as home and business premises
number of relevant occupants applicable amount
1 350
2 500
3 or more 650
另外一種公車私用,大企業一直免費給員工專車開,員工公車私用,油錢也報銷,可以歸為employee benefit contributions。性質上是給員工的利益。
根據 ITTOIA 2005 第38條以及40條,只有下列員工利益之一是可以抵扣的:
1)支出同時會引起雇員的個人所得稅和國民保險;
2)繳納社保
3) 與雇傭關系終止有聯系
4)雇主支持的退休利益
因此,原則上,隱形福利都是不可以抵扣的,當然包括公車私用。
那么為了商業目的的公務宴請,可不可以抵扣?這個問題適用business entertainment and gifts。
ITTOIA 2005 第45條,原則上不允許。‘entertainment’ include any kind of hospitality, 包括公務宴請。
第46條, 有例外:
1:本身就是提供這項業務的,并且它是為了廣告效應免費提供,或者在正常的商業支付范圍內(比如餐館剛開業,打折或者免費來招攬顧客)
2:這項業務只提供給雇員,不提供給其他人,或者提供給其他人的不同。(比如餐館免費給雇員吃飯,企業自辦食堂給員工折扣吃飯,等等)
以此得到結論,中國公司形式的宴請,除了單位年夜飯,根據英國稅法,基本上是不能抵扣的。
2.是否會同時計入個人收入征收個人所得稅?
邏
輯上講,允許抵扣的國家不可能再對這些消費計征個人所得稅,這些都允許抵扣了,自然是從寬征收,不可能再出臺個更趨嚴的計入個人收入征收個人所得稅。智商
正常的公司與雇員,看到公款宴請雖然允許抵扣,但是支付數額還是要征個人所得稅,就會選擇拿錢、拿補貼,再私下宴請,減少金額宴請,并且更利于公關、以及
減少其他合規風險。
不允許抵扣的國家倒是可能再計征個人所得稅,以進一步趨嚴。
英國與德國都是有原則上可以對
hidden profit distribution不允許抵扣并征收個人所得稅的,如公車私用的第一種情形
【性質上是公司(一人股東、實際控制人、股東)將自己的車作公司抵扣。】,可以算作資產使用權轉移。但對于公車私用第二種情形,員工福利性質,就是大部分
做公車使用,私人有時候使用,以及公務宴請員工參加等等,由于不是股東,不適用hidden profit distribution,
我沒聽說過這兩項對員工個人征收個人所得稅的,也不知道如何操作?公務宴請前代扣代繳?(希望知道的人補充。)問題是征稅成本太大吧。
3.
公務員的公車私用與公務宴請,完全無法用稅務手段限制。
國企的公車私用與公務宴請,不得抵扣是基本沒用的,人家根本不怎么care國有資產是否盈利;征個人所得稅作用有限,讓你付個個人所得稅稅率的成本吃頓大餐、開個豪車,很多人有機會還是會上。
最后的作用全都落在民企與外企頭上,出去談客戶吃個飯不能抵扣,還要征收個人所得稅,那么民企外企的營運和商業成本大增。
對于民企和外企而言,面對激烈市場競爭,如果不能以自身盈利支付商業宴請、員工的福利,并且沒有商業必要的話,那么它就不會做,會做的都會市場競爭出局,不覺得目前有必要進一步趨嚴限制民企和外企的公務宴請和員工福利。政策純效果,就是增加營運和商業成本。
公車私用與公務宴請的針對重點沒受什么限制,反倒是商業活動深受影響。
八項禁令現在搞了2年,還是卓有成效的。就達到限制我國的公車私用與公務宴請這一政策目標而言,八項禁令的政策選項更為適合。
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Hidden profit distributions
Sec. 8(3), 2nd sentence of the CITL (Corporate Income Tax Law) provides that "hidden profit distributions (verdeckte
Gewinnausschüttung) shall not reduce the income of a corporation".
There are four
requirements for the assumption of a hidden profit distribution, all of which must be met:
- the assets of the corporation were reduced or the increase of the company's assets was prevented;
- this was caused by the corporation-shareholder relationship (this is the case if a third party (a non-shareholder)
- by applying sound business principles - would not have agreed to the conditions of the transaction if he had dealt with the company);
- this decrease or prevented increase reduced the income of the corporation; and - this decrease or prevented increase was not based on a regular profit distribution resolution under company law.
Excessive interest and royalty payments to shareholders or their affiliates (i.e. to the extent
that the interest rate charged exceeds the market rate for a similar loan or the royalty charged
exceeds the market price for a similar agreement) are treated as non-deductible hidden profit
distributions (i.e. the tax base of the distributing company is increased by the value of the
benefit, which triggers an additional corporation tax of 25% on the benefit (increased to
26.38% by the 5.5% solidarity surcharge).
Hidden capital contributions
The rules governing hidden capital contributions (verdeckte Einlage) are found in Sec. 4(1) of
the ITL in conjunction with Sec. 8(1) of the CITL. A hidden capital contribution can be
assumed if a shareholder or a related party of the shareholder makes a contribution to the
corporation without proper consideration and the reason for this contribution can only be
found in the shareholder relationship. This is the case if a third party (a non-shareholder) - by
applying sound business principles - would not have agreed to the conditions of the
transaction if he had dealt with the company.
In the case of a hidden capital contribution, the income of the parties to the transaction must
be adjusted accordingly, that is, on the side of the parent company the book value (acquisition
costs adjusted by subsequent write-downs or additions) of the German parent's holding in the
subsidiary is increased by an addition to this particular balance sheet entry. The amount of
this increase corresponds to the income adjustment. The resulting increase in the
shareholder's equity automatically results in correspondingly higher taxable income.